Chapter 5 Security in Contemporary World

 Q.1:- WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIOAL AND

NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY? WHICH CATEGORY WOULD THE

CREATION AND SESTENANCE OF ALLAINCES BELONG TO?

ANS:- Traditional security:- Traditional security is mainly concerned with

the security of the state. In the traditional conception of security, the

greatest danger to a country is from military threats. In the traditional

security, the referent is the state where as in the non-traditional conception,

the referent is expanded.

NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY:- Non-traditional security goes beyond

military threats as it includes a wide range of threats affecting the

conditions of existence. Non-traditional conception of security focuses on

the changing nature of threats to security such as terrorism, violation of

human rights, global poverty, migration, health epidemics etc.

Q.2:- WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCE IN THE THREATS THAT PEOPLE

IN THE THIRD WORLD FACE AND THOSE LIVING IN THE FIRST

WORLD FACE?

ANS:- Third world countries faced the prospect of military conflicts with the

neighboring countries. Third world countries also faced internal threats.

These feared more from their neighbours than from Soviet Union or

America. Third world states worried about threats from separatist

movements which wanted to form independent countries. First world

countries feared a military attack from each other. Just as colonial rulers

feared violence in the colonies, after independence people feared that they

might be attacked by their former colonial rulers.

Q.3:- IS TERRORISM A TRADITIONAL OR NON-TRADITIONAL

THREAT TO SECURITY?

OR

EXPAIN THE TERM TERRORISM?

ANS:- TERRORISM:- It refers to political violence that targets civilians

deliberately and indiscriminately. At present international terrorism is a

major menace being faced by the world The classic cases of terrorism

involve hijacking plans or planting bombs in trains, cafes, markets, festivals

, places, religious places. Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to security. It

is a new threat to the lives of individuals and mankind.

Q.4:- WHAT ARE THE CHOICES AVAILABLE TO A STATE WHEN ITS

SECURITY IS THREATENED ACCORDING TO THE TRADITIONAL

SECURITY PERSPECTIVE?

ANS:- In traditional concepts of security a most threat to a countries

Security is from war. When there is a threat of war, government has three

choices to surrender, to prevent the other side from attacking by promising

to raise the costs of war to an unacceptable level, and to defend itself when

war actually breaks out so as to deny the attacking country its objectives

and to turn back or defeat the attacking forces altogether.

Q.5:- WRITE A SHORT NOTE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN

RIGHTS?

ANS:- General Assembly of United Nations Organization {UNO} on 10th of

December 1948 adopted the universal declaration of Human rights &

passed a proposal. The UN declaration of Human rights consists of a

preamble & 30 articles. The main rights mentioned in the declaration are

{a}Right to liberty & equality.

{b}Equality before law & equal protection of law.

{c}Right to move & reside in any part of the territory of the country.

{d}Right to nationality.

The UN declaration has great signification for whole humanity as it accepts

no discrimination on the basis of caste, colour, creed, language etc. This

declaration is not for any particular state or region.

Q6:- WHAT IS BALANCE OF POWER? HOW A STATE COULD

ACHIEVE THIS?

Ans: - Balance of power: - It means that there is at least a rough

equilibrium of power between various nations. The power of one group is

balanced by the other opposing group. So long as there is this type of

balance there is peace. War is the test for the existence of disequilibrium.

According to H J Morgenthau, it is an actual state of affairs in which

power is distributed among several nations with approximate equality

Techniques of Balance OF Power

The balance of power is not a natural phenomenon and requires special

efforts. The techniques and devices which contribute to its operations are

as under

{1}Alliances & Counter Alliances: - it has been traditional instrument to

strengthen ones position vis-à-vis the opponment .When a state feels that it

cannot defend itself against another big state it enters into alliance with

another weak or powerful state e.g. Tipple alliances {1882} vs. Triple

entence {1907} but they do a major role in the preservation of the balance

of power

{2}Armament and disarmament: - Military preparedness is the means of

national defense. This policy is bound to lead armament race.

Disarmament is also sometimes a weapon of balance of power. But in

practice disarmament efforts for maintaining balance have been

disappointed.

{3} Intervention and non-intervention of war: - These two techniques of

the balance of power are usually adopted as a last resort. Intervention is a

dictatorial interference in the internal affairs of another country by a

powerful nation in order to extract some specific concessions. The ultimate

form of intervention is war

Non-intervention is as a policy usually fallowed by small states and

also by those great powers which are satisfied with the political order and

can very fallow peaceful methods to preserve the balance

{4} Compensation

{5}Buffer state

{6}Partition

{7}Divide and rule

{8}Neutralization

{9} Holder of balance or the laughing third party .

Q7:- WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF MILITARY ALLIANCES? GIVE

AN EXAMPLE OF FUNCTIONING ALLIANCES WITH ITS SPECIFIC

OBJECTIVES?

Ans: - An alliance is a coalition of states defended jointly against attack or

war NATO was formed by U S A and its allies is an example of functioning

military alliance

Objectives of military alliance:- The main objectives of military alliances

are as under

(1) These alliances provide collective security to member states against

attack by big Powers

(2) These alliances increase the power of the big state who leads the

alliance.

(3) Another objective of military alliance is to maintain balance of power.

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Example of military alliances: - NATO and Warsaw pact are of examples

of military alliances. NATO was formed by USA and its allies in 1949.

Warsaw pact was formed by USSR in May 1955. Main aim of the Warsaw

pact was to counter the impact and influence of NATO.

Aims & objectives of North Atlantic treaty organization: - NATO is

based on a preamble & 14 articles. The preamble re-affirms the faith of

parties to the treaty in the purpose & principals of the UN charter. The

members are determined to safeguard their freedom etc. Its main aim was

to serve as a deterrent against a soviet attack on Europe. Its purpose was

to provide a security umbrella to the European countries.

Q8:- RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IS CAUSING A

SERIOUS THREAT TO SECURITY? DO YOU AGREE WITH THE

STATEMENT? SUBSTANTIATE YOUR AGREEMENT?

OR

EXPLAIN ENVIRONENTAL DEGREDATION.?

Ans:- Yes we agree with the statement that rapid environmental

degradation is causing threat to security. Whatever the form of pollution is,

it certainly affects living conditions. Environmental degradation is a serious

problem of modern world, the U.N. National Research Council {NRC}

define pollution as a desirable change in characteristics of our air, land and

water that may or will harmfully affects human life or that of other desirable

species, over Industrial processes, living conditions and cultural assets or

that may or will waste or deteriorate our raw material resources. Air, water,

land & sound pollutions are creating various health problems for human

beings. For example dirty water is the worlds biggest killer & biggest

pollution problem.

Q.9:- LOOKING AT THE INDIAN SCENARIO. WHAT TYPE OF

SECURITY HAS BEEN GIVEN PRIORITY IN INDIA, TRADTIONAL OR

NON-TRADTIONAL? WHAT EXAMPLE COULD YOU CITE TO

SUBSTANTIATE THE ARGUMENT?

OR

WRITE A DETAILED NOTE ON INDIAS SECURITY STRATEGY?

ANS: - After independence India adopted its own security policy. India has

faced traditional as well as non-traditional threats to its security. India has

faced external threats i.e. from outside borders as well as danger from

within, to its security. Main features of Indias security strategy are under.

{1} Strengthening of military power & capabilities:- India adopted the

policy of making nuclear tests to safeguard its security from outside its

borders as well as from internal threats. India conducted nuclear tests in

1974. & in 1998 successfully.

{2} Strengthening of international organizations and laws:- For the

protection of its security interests. India has strengthened international

organizations. To make UNO more effective Indian leaders have suggested

many reforms in the structure and functioning of UN.

(3) Democratic methods to deal with internal threats: - Separatist

movements in states have threatened the unity & integrity of the country.

Government of India has adopted democratic methods to deal with

separatists but not at the cost of countrys unity & integrity.

(4) Secularism: - To deal with communalism India has adopted the policy

of secularism I.e. freedom of religion or separation of religion from politics

(5) Economic and social development is an important aspect of India's

security strategy. India has been making great efforts to develop

economy in such as way so that the problems of unemployment, illiteracy,

poverty, and in-equality are solved.

(6) National security advisor:- National security advisor has been

appointed by Indian Government to

point out the short comings in security system and to give suggestions for

the improvement of security system of the country.

Q10:- EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TERMS.

(1}SECURITY

(2) ARMS CONTROL

(3) DIS-ARMAMENT

(4) GLOBAL POVERTY

(5) HUMAN RIGHTS

(6) NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION.

Ans: - (1) Security: - In simple words “security” means freedom from

threats. But every type of threat is not a threat to security. Only those

threats that threaten the core values is a threat to security.

(2) Arms control:- It regulates the acquisition or development of nuclear

weapons LTBT-1963 , NPT-1968, SALT-(1)-1972, SALT-(2)-1979, START-

(1)-1991, START-(2)-1993, CTBT-1996 were arms control treaties in the

sense that these treaties regulated the acquisition or development of

nuclear weapons.

(3) Dis-armament:- Means elimination of all types of weapons. In actual

practice it has come to mean everything from total elimination of all the

weapons to the regulation or control of only some kind of weapons.

(4) Global poverty: - Global poverty is a great source of insecurity. In the

under-developed and poor countries population is increasing rapidly. At

present world population is about 7.046 billions. Half of the worlds

populations exist in china India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia & Nigeria.

The financial disparity is increasing between the northern & southern

countries of the world. Global poverty is affecting the security of the poor

countries for example sub-Saharan Africa etc.

CAUSES OF GLOBAL POVERTY :- The causes of global poverty include

changing trends in a country’s economy, lack of education, high divorce

rate which causes feminization of poverty, having a culture of poverty,

overpopulation, epidemic diseases such as AIDS and malaria,and

environmental problems such as lack of rainfall.

(5) Human Rights:- Human rights are those rights which are essential for

all round development of man. Human rights are commonly understood as

those rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of

his {her} religion, race, caste, sex, nationality or any one of them. The

universal declaration on human rights was adopted on 10th Dec 1948. 10th

Dec. is celebrated as human rights day.

{6}National Human Rights Commission:- NHRC of India is an

autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993. It was given a

statutory basis by the protection of Human rights act 1993. The NHRC is

the national human rights institution responsible for the protection &

promotion of Human rights. Defined by the act as “rights relating to life,

liberty, equality & dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution. Its

main functions is to inquire into violations of Human rights.