Geography (10th) Textbook

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CHAPTER-1 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Points to Remember:-
1. Exclusive Economic Zone: - It is a sea zone extending up to 200 nautical miles into the sea from the baseline of the coast prescribed by United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea.
2. Cold Desert:- It refers to that place which is covered by snow and is located at higher altitudes and higher latitudes e.g. Ladakh in India and Antarctica.
3. Brundtland Commission:- The commission formally known as World Commission on Environment and Development was constituted by United Nations under the chairmanship of Norway's Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland to look into the matter of sustainable development.
4. Fallow Land: - Land left uncultivated for one or more seasons for regaining fertility.
5. Net sown Area:- Area under crop cultivation in a year under consideration.
6. Gross Cropped Area:- It includes that area which is sown more than once in a year plus net
sown area.
7. Deccan Trap: - It is an area of igneous rocks covering a large area of Deccan plateau in
West central India.
8. Crystalline rocks: - Igneous rocks with crystallised minerals.
9. Leaching:- Draining away of the plant nutrients from top soil to subsoil due to excessive
rainfall.
10. Rill:- It is a small finger shaped groove developed on hillslopes due to water erosion
11. Gully:-It is a relatively deep vertical channel generally found over hilly areas formed by
downward movement of water along the slope.
12. Ravine: - Its mall narrow steep sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a
canyon
13. Contour Ploughing:- This is the farming practice of ploughing across the slope along the
contour lines.
14. Agenda 21:- It is the declaration signed by world leaders at United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development,
15. Club of Rome: - It was a journal in which the works of Roman geographers were published
form time to time.
16. Duars: - It is a piedmont plain formed by Tista river in Darjeeling area of West Bengal.
17. Chos:-It is the name of seasonal streams in Punjab which are responsible for the formation
of piedmont plains.
 QNO1:-Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Ans: The three states with black soil are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The
crops which are mainly grown there are cotton, sugarcane and tobacco.
QNO1:- type of soil is found in the river deltas of the Eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Ans:- Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of eastern coast. Three features of this soil are:-

• This soil is very fertile It contains potash, phosphoric acid and lime
•  It turns to be alkaline soil in drier regions of the country

 QNO2:- steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Ans:- Following steps should be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas:-

• Afforestation by planting more and more trees
•  Terrace farming and contour ploughing done across the slope along contour lines
• Over grazing by large number of animals on same grassland continuously
•  Plugging of gullies by rock dams etc.

QNO3:- are biotic Abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Ans:-Biotic Resources:- All resources which are obtained from the Biosphere and have life are
known as biotic resources eg forests, animals, birds
Abiotic Resources:- All resources which are non-living are called abiotic resources eg mineral
ores and petroleum etc.
QNO4:-Explain land use pattern in India. Why has the land under forests not increased much since 1960-61?
Ans:- Land resources in India are primarily divided into:

•  Agricultural land
•  Forest land
•  Pasture and grazing land
•  Land put to non-agricultural uses(housing, roads and industry)
•  Waste lands(arid, rocky and desert area)

According to recent data available with us Net sown area of India is about 54% out of the total reporting area of the country, 22.78% is covered with forests and 3.38% is used for grazing  Improper use of forest land has degraded the available land area and made conservation
of forests difficult. Human activities such as deforestation, mining and quarrying have
contributed to the slow growth of forests. These are the various reasons why land under
forests has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61
QNO5:-How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Ans:- The following technical and economic development have led to the more consumption of natural resources :-
Industrialisation: - Technological development has led to industrialisation which has
resulted in more consumption of resources for manufacturing purposes.
Commercial Agriculture: - Technological development has changed the sustainable
agriculture into commercial agriculture which resulted in over utilisation of soil.
Mining:- Technological development has improved the process of mining. By utilising the
modern machines we can now extract huge quantities of minerals from the earth's
surface which will lead to the depletion of these mineral resources in near future.
Bulk production:- The development of technology has contributed to the mass production
of goods and better services to the people which are putting more pressure on the
existing natural resources.
Urbanisation:- Increase in the population of cities and towns has led to the rise in the
demand of essential things, commodities and services Manufacturing of these things
and commodities has led to the depletion of resources.
 QNO6:- are the steps involved in resource planning?
Ans:- There are three ways which can ensure sustainable development or three stages of
resource planning essential for sustainable development which include:-
•=>.Identification and Inventory of resources across the regions of the country, which
involves surveying, mapping and measuring the quality and quantity of the resource.
••.=>Planning for the development of the resources by using appropriate skill, technology
and institutional set up present within the country,
••• =>.Resource development plans should match with the overall development plans of the
country. These plans should focus on conservational measures of resources like
reduce, recycle and reuse for achieving sustainable development.
QNO7:-  Suggest some measures to solve the problem of land degradation?
Ans:- Following measures can be helpful to solve the problem of land degradation:-

• Afforestation
• Check on overgrazing
• Check expansion of deserts by planting thorny bushes in these areas
• Proper disposal of industrial effluents
• Planting of shelter belts
• Check on mining activities

QNO8:-Which is the main cause of land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. How can it be checked?
Ans:- These all three states are semi-arid. These states have huge population of livestock
which are left open to graze on the grasslands. Large scale overgrazing is responsible for
land degradation in these states. Following easures can be taken to check land degradation
in these states:-

• Afforestation
• Check on overgrazing by demarcating certain areas for grazing purposes only

QNO9:-  Describe the nature and distribution of Black soil in India?
Ans:- The main characteristic features of black soil are:-

• Black soil is made up of fine clayey particles with high moisture holding capacity
• It is rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime but poor in phosphoric content
• It develops deep cracks during hot weather
• It is found in Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, Chhattisgarh, Godavari and Krishna deltas.

QNO10:-Describe some characteristic features of arid soils in India?
Ans:- Main characteristics of arid soils are as under:-

• Its colour varies from red to brown
• It has rough texture and high salinity due to high temperature and deficient in moisture content
• The calcium content increases downward and forms kankary layer

QNO11:-Discuss soil formation?
Ans:- The formation of soil involves several factors which are as under:-

• Parent Material:- Rocks decompose and disintegrates through weathering which influence the colour, texture, permeability and mineral quantities of the soil
• Climate:- Temperature and rainfall influence the rate of weathering
• Relief:- Slope influence the thickness of the soil. Hill slopes have thin layers of soil while as plain areas have thick layers of soil
• Time: - It provides maturity to the soil
• Flora and Fauna:- They add humus to the soil and make it fertile

QNO12:-Explain the role of human beings in resource development?
Ans:- Human beings are an important resource and are important factor in resource development. Human beings utilise technology to make natural resources more useful and economically beneficial e.g extracting metals from minerals and making different things from metals humans have added value to the natural resources. So, the role of humans in resource development is very important.
Qno 13. Discuss the characteristic features of alluvial soil?
Ans:- Alluvial soil is made up of silt, sand and clay. It is deposited by three main Himalayan
rivers Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus. Particle size is bigger and coarser in the upper reaches of
the river and becomes finer as the river flows down.
     It is most prevalent in the river valleys of the northern plains as well as eastern coastal plains in the deltas of rivers of the peninsular plateau like Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri.
According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified as Bhangar (old alluvial) and Khadar (new alluvial)  soils. Khadar has higher concentration of kankar and contains more fine particles than Bhangar. The soil is rich in nutrients like potash, phosphoric acid and lime which is suitable for the cultivation of rice, wheat, sugarcane and pulses.
Qno14. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources?
Ans:-Renewable Resources: - These resources are renewed by nature in a short span of time.
Most of these resources are inexhaustible like solar energy, water etc. They are also termed as
continuous or flow resources.
Non Renewable Resources: - These resources may not be replenished by nature or take longer period of time to be formed. These resources are exhausted after their use. They can be divided into recyclable or non-recyclable resources.
QNO15:-Discuss the purpose of Rio Summit and Agenda 21?
Ans:- The first UN conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de 
Janerio(Brazil) in year 1992 with an aim to promote sustainable development. This conference endorsed:-

• Measures to fight global warming
• Measures to fight desertification
• Measures to protect forests
• Measures to Bio-diversity  
• Agenda 21 Agenda 21 was the declaration signed at Rio Summit and was aimed at eliminating poverty, hunger, diseases and illiteracy through global cooperation.

QNO16:-  Discuss soil profile?
Ans:- Soil profile means the arrangements of different layers of soil in a vertical section of
land. According to most of the soil geographers there are only three broad layers/horizons in
the soil profile which include top soil, sub soil and bed rock but Oxford dictionary of geography
says there are five major horizons in the whole soil profile each horizon was represented by a
letter like A horizon, E horizon, B horizon, Chorizon and D/R horizon. Later on many other
horizons were also added to it like O horizon.
The detail of each and every horizon from top to the bottom is as under:-

• O horizon:- It is also called surface litter layer and it contains partially decomposed organic matter
• A horizon:- It is called the Top soil layer and contains decomposed organic material and minerals
• E horizon:- It is also called the layer of leaching. Materials present in A horizon are continuously moving downward under the influence of gravity accompanied by high rainfall through this layer.
• B horizon - It is also called the sub soil layer. All materials which are moving downwards through E horizon get accumulated in this layer.
•  C horizon:- It is the layer of partially broken rocks
• D/R horizon:- It is the un-weathered parent rock zone.

QNO17:- What is land degradation and what are its causes?
Ans:- Land degradation means depletion of quality and quantity of land. It includes loss of
minerals, nutrients, organic matter, water retention capacity, aeration etc. It is estimated that up to 40% of world's land is under the threat of degradation. Presently there are about 130
million hectares of degraded land in India. The main causes of land degradation are:-
Agriculture activities: -  Over irrigation and excessive use of chemical fertilizers increases the alkalinity and salinity in the soil and turn it into degraded lands
Mining Activities: - Mining sites are abandoned after the extraction of the which turns these lands into waste lands and make them unfit for cultivation
Mineral processing and Quarrying: - Grinding of lime stone for cement industry and quarrying of stones make the land unfit for cultivation

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CHAPTER-2 FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES

1. Multiple choice questions
(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?
(a) Agricultural expansion
(b) Large scale developmental projects
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection
(d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation

Solution : (c) Grazing and fuel wood collection

(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Solution : (d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

2. Match the following animals with their category of existence.

Animals/Plants	Category of existence
Black buck	Extinct
Asiatic elephant	Rare
Andaman wild pig	Endangered
Himalayan brown bear	Vulnerable
Pink head duck	Endemic

Solution :

Animals/Plants	Category of existence
Black buck	Endangered
Asiatic elephant	Vulnerable
Andaman wild pig	Endemic
Himalayan brown bear	Rare
Pink head duck	Extinct

3. Match the following.

Reserved forests	other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities
Protected forests	forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources
Unclassed forests	forest lands are protected from any further depletion

Solution :

Reserved forests	forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources
Protected forests	forest lands are protected from any further depletion
Unclassed forests	other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities

Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

4 (i) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.

Solution :
(i) Biodiversity is immensely rich in wildlife and cultivated species, diverse in form and function, but closely integrated in a system through multiple networks of interdependencies.
It is important for human lives because the human beings, along with the biodiversity, form a complete web of ecological system in which we are only a part and are very much dependent on this system for our own existence.

(ii) Several human activities have affected the depletion of flora and fauna and has led to decline in India’s biodiversity. The main factors responsible for this damage are:
• Habitat destruction, mainly due to overpopulation leading to expansion of agriculture, mining, industrialisation and urbanisation and consequent wiping out of large forest areas.
•  Hunting and poaching and illegal trade of animal skin, tusk, bones, teeth, horns, etc have lead many speices to the verge of extinction.
•  Environmental pollution, poisoning of water bodies due to discharge of industrial effluents, chemicals, wastes, etc. leading to animal deaths.
•  Forest fires often induced by shifting cultivation wiping out valuable forests and wildlife.
•  Large scale development projects and destruction of forests.
•  Grazing and fuel wood collection.
• Over-exploitation of forest products
Other important causes of environmental destruction are unequal access, inequitable consumption of forest resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

5 (i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India.
(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.

Solution :
(i) Indian forests are home to different communities. These communities have a complex relationship with their environment. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chhota Nagpur region worship Mahua and Kadamba trees; the tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango trees. Similarly, the Bishnois of Rajasthan hold the antelopes in high reverence. For these communities, particular flora and fauna are integral to their identity, so they take a number of steps to protect the same. Villagers around the Sariska Reserve have opposed mining activities in the region as these activities endanger wildlife. Villagers in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have banned hunting and lumbering activities in a 1200 hectare area they have marked as Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’. Such activities have helped preserve patches of virgin forest land.

(ii) Good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife are plenty. Nowadays, many non-governmental organisations are working towards creating public awareness for conserving depleting forest cover and vanishing wildlife. Central and state governments in India have set up national parks and wildlife sanctuaries to protect forests and endangered species in wildlife. A recently developing practice towards conservation is the search for different conservation measures. Biodiversity is the new by-word of good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife. Various communities, especially in tribal areas, who are dependent on forests for their living are now taking an active role in this form of conservation.

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CHAPTER-3 WATER RESOURCES

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.
(a) Region with high annual rainfall.
(b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population.
(c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.
(d) Region having low rainfall and low population.

Solution : (i) Not suffering from water scarcity
Explanation: Regions with high annual rainfall cannot face scarcity of water because the water table is replenished, water bodies do not dry up so no water scarcity.

(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river projects?
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.
(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.

Solution : (ii) (c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
Explanation: Multipurpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many environmental movements like the Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Bachao Andolan etc. Resistance to these projects has primarily been due to the large scale displacement of local communities. Local people often had to give up their land, livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the greater good of the nation.

(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.

Solution : (iii) (a) Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations with urban lifestyles have added to the water and energy requirment and thus, caused the over exploitation of water resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow and causes the sediment to settle at the bottom of the dam.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers agitated over the higher priority given of water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts
(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline as plenty of water is available due to perennial Rajasthan canal.

Answer the following s in about 30 words.

2. (i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

Solution :

(i) Water is a renewable resource as it is renewed by water cycle itself, where three processes take place as evaporation, condensation and precipitation. This process of water cycle is never ending and hence, water is a renewable resource. The water then runs into rivers and dams where it is used and the waste is partially cleaned before it makes its route to the sea, where the cycle begins again. Freshwater is mainly obtained from surface runoff and groundwater that is continually being renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle.

(ii) Water scarcity or water stress occurs when water availability is not enough to match the demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population, growing demand for water, urbanisation, industrialisation, wastage injudicious use and unequal access to it. A large population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. The ever increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure on existing fresh water resources. Fragile water resources are being over-exploited and have been depleted in cities. Water scarcity may also be due to the bad quality of water. Lately there has been a growing concern that even if there is ample water to meet the needs of the people, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.

(iii) Multipurpose river projects help in irrigation, electricity production, flood control, the supply of water for domestic and industrial use, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. It integrates development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy. However, the reservoirs destroy local flora and fauna. Dams fragment the river thus making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate and for spawning. Many native villages are submerged, and people lose their livelihood, with little or no hope of rehabilitation. The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir. It was also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

Answer the following s in about 120 words.

3. (i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Solution :

(i) Houses in the semi arid regions of Rajasthan have traditionally constructed tanks for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big room. They are big and are a part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system. The tanks are constructed inside the main house or the courtyard and are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. The rain falling on the rooftop travels down and is stored in the underground tanks. The first spell of rain is not collected as this water cleans the roof and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent spells is collected. This water is used untill the next rainy season and is a reliable source of water even after other sources have dried up. The tanks also help in cooling the houses as rooms built around them have generally low temperatures due to conduction.

(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

Solution :

(ii) Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting like ‘the rooftop method’ are becoming popular in India. In Gendathur village, Mysore, about 200 households have adopted the rooftop rainwater harvesting method, thereby making the village rich in rainwater. The state of Tamil Nadu has made it compulsory for all the houses to have rooftop rainwater harvesting structures There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. Rooftop harvesting is common across the towns and villages of the Thar. In Meghalaya, a 200 year old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent. About 18 to 20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system and gets transported over hundreds of metres.

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CHAPTER-4 AGRICULTURE

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?

(a) Shifting Agriculture

(b) Plantation Agriculture

(c) Horticulture

(d) Intensive Agriculture

Solution : (b) Plantation Agriculture
Explanation: Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Large land areas are needed for this type of agriculture.

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
(a) Rice 

(b) Gram

(c) Millets 

(d) Cotton

Solution : (b) Gram
Explanation: Rabi crops or rabi harvest are agricultural crops that are sown in winter and harvested in the spring in South Asia.

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(a) Pulses 

(b) Jawar

(c) Millets 

(d) Sesamum

Solution : (a) Pulses
Explanation: Commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family, are a large and economically important family of flowering plants. These plants are used in a crop rotation to replenish soil nitrogen.

(iv) Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop?

(a) Maximum support price

(b) Minimum support price

(c) Moderate support price

(d) Influential support price

Solution : (b) Minimum support price
Explanation: Minimum Support Price is the price at which government purchases crops for the farmers, to safeguard the interests of the farmers.

Answer the following s in 30 words.

2. (i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.

Solution : Tea is an important beverage crop. This plant grows well in tropical or subtropical climates,21°C to 29°C is ideal for the production of tea. The High temperature is required in summer. The lowest temperature for the growth of tea is 16°C, 150-250 cm of rainfall is required for tea cultivation.
Tea shrubs require fertile mountain soil mixed with lime and iron. The soil should be rich in humus.
Tea cultivation needs well drained land. Stagnation of water is not good for tea plants. Heavy rainfall but no stagnancy of water, such mountain slopes are good for tea cultivation.
Deep and fertile well-drained soil which is rich in humus and organic matter. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost free climate through the year.

(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

Solution : Rice is a staple food crop in India. It grows in the Indo-Gangetic plain and north-east India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. The major rice producing areas are northern plain and coastal and deltaic regions while minor rice producing areas are Punjab plain and part of deccan plateau.  Development of a dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

Solution : The various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers are:

Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, disease etc.

• Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and bank for providing loan facilities to the farmers at a lower rate of interest. Government also announces Minimum Support Price.

• Subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers.

• Facilities of Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.

• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and television.

(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?

Solution : A declining area of land under cultivation coupled with increasing population has many consequences. These are:

• Food shortage for the rising population.

• Rise in price of food grains.

• Unemployment and loss of livelihood for farmers.

• Shortage of supply of raw material for agro-industries.

• Adverse effect on export trade as agricultural products comprise a major section of international trade.

Answer the followings in about 120 words.

3. (i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.

(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

Solution :

(i) Various initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production are:

• Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.

• Land Reform was the main focus of our ‘First Five Year Plan’.

• The Green Revolution was based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution were some of the strategies initiated to improve a lot of Indian agriculture.

• Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilizers, Grameen Banks, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are also some of the reforms bought by Indian Government.

(ii) The impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of foodgrains, in order to supply dye to Britain’s flourishing textile industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture.
Post liberalisation, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition from highly subsidised agriculture of developed nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops.
(iii)The geographical conditions required for growth of rice are as follows :

• It is a Kharif crop and requires a hot and humid climate for cultivation. Temperature above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm are favourable for the growth of rice.

• Rich alluvial soils of the floodplains and deltaic areas which are renewed every year are ideal for rice cultivation.

•Rice requires abundant rainfall or good water supply through irrigation and flooded fields during the earlier part of its growing season in June-July.

• Plenty of cheap labour as most of the farming involves manual labour.

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CHAPTER-5 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

1. Multiple choice questions

(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material?
(a) coal
(b) bauxite
(c) gold
(d) zinc

Solution : (b) bauxite

(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals?
(a) bauxite
(b) mica
(c) iron ore
(d) copper

Solution : (b) mica

(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of the following rocks?
(a) sedimentary rocks
(b) metamorphic rocks
(c) igneous rocks
(d) none of the above

Solution : (a) sedimentary rocks

(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
(a) oil
(b) uranium
(c) thorium
(d) coal

Solution : (c) thorium

Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

2. (i) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.

(a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals
(b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.

(ii) What is a mineral?

(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?

(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?

Solution :
(i) (a)

Ferrous minerals	Non-ferrous minerals
Metallic minerals which contain iron are called ferrous minerals, e.g.. iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc. They have small amounts of other metals or elements added, to give the required properties. Ferrous Metals are magnetic and give little resistance to corrosion.	Metallic minerals which do not contain iron and are not magnetic and are usually more resistant to corrosion than ferrous metals are called non-ferrous minerals, e.g.. copper, bauxite, tin, etc.

(b)

Conventional Sources of Energy	Non-conventional Sources of Energy
Conventional sources of energy are those sources which have been use since the early times.	Non-conventional sources of energy have generally been identified in the recent past.
They are exhaustible except hydro-energy.	They are inexhaustible.
They cause pollution when used as they emit smoke and ash.	Generally these are pollution-free.
Their generation and use involve huge expenditure.	Low expenditure required.
Very expensive to maintain, store, transmit as they are carried over long distances through transmission grids.	Less expensive due to local use and easy maintenance.
Examples are – coal, natural gas, water, fire-wood.	Examples are – geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biogas energy, nuclear energy.

(ii) A mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable interior structure.
(iii) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, molten/liquid and gaseous minerals are forced upwards into the cracks. They then solidify and form veins or lodes.
(iv) It takes millions of years for the formation of minerals. Compared to the present rate of consumption, the replenishment rate of minerals is very slow. Hence, mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. Due to this, it is important that we conserve the mineral resources.

 

3. Answer the following questions.

3. (i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.

(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

Solution :
• The major resources of metallurgical coal belong to the Gondwana age and are located mainly in the north eastern part of the peninsula.

•  Rich reserves of coal are found in the Damodar Valley region in the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Raniganj in West Bengal and Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand are important coalfields. One third of the total production comes from here.
•  Coal is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. Korba in Chhattisgarh, Singrauli and Penah-kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh, Talcher in Orissa, Kamptee and Chandrapur in Maharashtra and Singareni of Andhra Pradesh are important coal mines.
•  Tertiary coal occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
•  Principal lignite reserves are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.

(ii) Solar energy has a bright future in India because –
• India being a tropical country receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year.
• Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas.
•  It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dunk cakes which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.

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CHAPTER-6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

1. Multiple choice Questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.
(a) Aluminium         (b) Cement         (c) Sugar             (d) Jute

Solution : (b) Cement

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
(a) HAIL                

(b) SAIL              

(c) TATA Steel    

(d) MNCC

Solution : (b) SAIL

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium        

(b) Cement          

(c) Jute                

(d) Steel

Solution : (a) Aluminium

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.
(a) Steel               

(b) Electronic      

(c) Aluminium      

(d) Information Technology

Solution : (b) Electronic

Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

2. (i) What is manufacturing?

(ii) any three physical factors for the location of the industry.

(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of industry.

(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.

(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?

Solution :

(i) Manufacturing is the process in which goods are produced in large quantities after processing the various raw materials.
(ii) Three physical factors for the location of the industry are:

• Availability of raw material.-The location of industrial enterprises is sometimes determined simply by the location of the raw materials. The jute mills in West Bengal, sugar mills in Uttar Pradesh, cotton textile mills in Maharashtra and Gujarat are concentrated close to the sources of raw materials.

• Suitable climate-Harsh climate is not much suitable for the establishment of industries. There can be no industrial development in an extremely hot, humid, dry or cold climate.

• Availability of water and power supply- Many industries are established near rivers, canals and lakes.Iron and steel industry, textile industries and chemical industries require large quantities of water, for their proper functioning.Coal, mineral oil and hydro-electricity are the three important conventional sources of power. Most of the industries tend to concentrate at the source of power.

(iii) Three human factors for the location of industry are

• Availability of cheap labour- Labour supply is important in two respects (a) workers in large numbers are often required; (b) people with a skill or technical expertise are needed.

• Availability of services such as consultants and financial advice.

• Availability of Market.-The entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished goods reach the market. Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods. It helps in reducing the transport cost and enables the consumer to get things at cheaper rates.

(iv) Basic industries are those which supply their raw materials to industries which manufacture other goods. An example is the iron and steel industry which supplies steel to the automobile industry.
(v) The important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement are limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.

Write the answers to the following s in 120 words.

1. How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?

Solution :

(i) Integrated Steel Plants are large plants which handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steelmaking, rolling and shaping.
Mini Steel Plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use mainly steel scrap and sponge iron as inputs. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
Problems of Steel Industry:

• High costs and limited availability of cooking coal.

• Lower productivity of labour.

• Irregular supply of power.

• Poor infrastructure.

Following are some recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity:

• Liberalisation

• Foreign direct investments (FDI) with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.

• Improvement in the production process by the use of newer technologies.

2. How do industries pollute the environment?

Solution : Industries are responsible for four types of pollution – air, water, land and noise pollution. Following are the various reasons:

• Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

• Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.

• Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

• Wastes from nuclear plants cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.

• Dumping of wastes especially, glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and other garbage renders the soil useless.

• Noise pollution is caused due to industrial and construction activities, factory equipment, generators, electric saws, drills and other machinery.

3. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?

Solution : The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are :

• To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels (primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing should be minimised via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet water requirements, and groundwater usage should be regulated by law.

• For the minimisation of air pollution, smokestacks should be fitted to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also, smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal.

• Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise absorbing material.

ACTIVITY

Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.

(i) Used to drive machinery (5)
(ii)People who work in a factory (6)
(iii)Where the product is sold (6)
(iv)A person who sells goods (8)
(v)Thing produced (7)
(vi)To make or produce (11)
(vii)Land, Water and Air degraded (9)

Solution :

(i) Power

(ii) Worker

(iii) Market

(iv) Retailer

(v) Product

(vi) Manufacture

(vii) Pollution

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CHAPTER-7 LIFE LINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

1. Multiple choice questions

(i) Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor?
(a) Mumbai and Nagpur
(b) Silcher and Porbandar
(c) Mumbai and Kolkata
(d) Nagpur and Siligudi

Solution : (b) Silcher and Porbandar

(ii) Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
(a) Railways
(b) Roadways
(c) Pipeline
(d) Waterways

Solution : (c) Pipeline

(iii) Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline?
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Gujarat
(d) Uttar Pradesh

Solution : (b) Maharashtra

(iv) Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well-protected port along the east cost?
(a) Chennai
(b) Paradwip
(c) Tuticorin
(d) Vishakhapatnam

Solution : (d) Vishakhapatnam

(v) Which one of the following is the most important modes of transportation in India?
(a) Pipeline
(b) Railways
(c) Roadways
(d) Airways

Solution : (b) Railways

(vi) Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries?
(a) Internal trade
(b) International trade
(c) External trade
(d) Local trade

Solution : (b) International trade

Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

2. (i) State any three merits of roadways.
Solution : Merits of roadways:
→ They are cheaper than railways in terms of construction costs.
→ Roads can go through dissected and undulating land areas and through steep mountains.
→ They are economical as loading costs are low and door-to-door service can be availed of.

(ii) Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transporation?
Solution : In the northern plains, rail transport is the most convenient mode of transportation. This is because this region has vast level lands that are good for laying tracks, and huge population and high agricultural productivity, making rail transport a profitable venture.

(iii) What is the significance of the border roads?
Solution : Border roads are strategically important as they improve accessibility to areas like the northern and north eastern border areas which have a difficult terrain.

(iv) What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Solution : Trade is the movement of goods and services between regions for economic gain. Trade between two or more countries is termed as international trade, while trade occurring in a region within the same country is called local trade.

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

3. (i) Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?
Solution : The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of  a nation and its economy due to the reasons given below:
→ The means of transportation and communication help in the production and movement of goods and services.
→ Transport helps in the development of communication . Various means of communication help us in interacting with other in all the parts of the world It has brought the world closer.
→ Transport like railways help us in conducting various activities like business, sight seeing, pilgrimage and transportation of goods over longer distances.
→ Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories.
→ Water provide the cheapest means of transport and is useful for international trade.
→ Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport.
Thus, it is clear that there are many advantages of transportation and communication. These means help in the development of the country. So they are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy.

(ii) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.
Solution : The changing nature of the international trade for India, in the last fifteen years, has been impressive. Exchange of information and knowledge has surpassed exchange of goods and commodities. Through its advanced software knowledge and excellence in the field of information technology, India has emerged as a viable contender at the international level and is earning huge amounts of foreign exchange through the same. Tourism too has added to India’s upgraded position in international trade. In 2004, there was a 23.5% increase in foreign tourist arrivals as against the number in 2003. Thus, international trade for India has undergone a cognisable change in the past fifteen years.

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