Chapter 4 International Organizations in a Unipolar World

 Q NO1;- WRITE A DETAILED NOTE ON UNITED NATIONS

ORGANISATION?

ANS:-

Origin of UNO:- the UNO was founded after the second world war. During

2nd world war many meetings, conferences and declarations by the allied

powers had laid the foundation for the UN and made preparations for final

agreement on the terms of charter. UN charter was signed by

representatives of 51 nations at san Francisco on June 26, 1945, within

three months the charter was ratified by all the permanent members of the

security council and by majority of the signatories & on October 24, 1945,

the UN formally came into existence. Antonio Gutierrez of Portugal is the

current secretary general of UNO. UNO has 193 member states.

Objectives of UNO:- There are four major objectives of united nations

organization.

{I} To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, to maintain

international peace & security.

{II} To re-affirm faith in fundamental human rights.

{III} To establish conditions under which justice & respect for the obligations

arising from treaties & other sources of international law can be maintained.

{IV} To promote social progress & better standard of life in large freedom.

Structure of UNO:- the UN charter designated six principle organs for the

new world organization. In addition the charter allowed the Security Council

to create peace keeping forces. {UNPKF}. UN day is celebrated every year

on 24th October.

Organs of UNO:- the principal organs of UN are.

{1}General Assembly:- The UN members are represented in general

Assembly. Each state can send five alternate members and an unlimited

number of advisors. But each nation large or small has only one vote. The

general Assembly was conceived as a forum in which the worlds nations

were to be given the abroad mandate. To discuss any question or any

matter within the scope of the charter. The general Assembly supervises

the activities of the economic and social councils. The Assembly holds a

regular session every year beginning from the third Tuesday in September.

{2}Security Council:- Security Council is composed of five permanent

members{china, France, UK.USA, and Russia} and ten non-permanent

members elected by general Assembly for two years term and not eligible

for immediate re-election. Security Council is the most important and most

powerful organ of the UN. Broadly speaking the Security Council enjoys

deliberative, executive, elective, & regulative powers. Security Council can

take any measure necessary to maintain & restore international peace.

{3}Economic and social council:- It was made up of originally 18

members in 1966. The membership enlarged to, 27 in 1980 and it stood at

54. Members are elected by the general Assembly for three years term.

Economic and social council is responsible to the general Assembly and in

effect has frequently served as a committee of the Assembly on functional

matters.

{4}international court of justice:-It is the principal judicial organ of united

nations with the headquarters in the Hague, the court consists of 15 judges

known as members of the court. They are chosen on the basis of their

qualification, not on the basis of their Nationality. No two judges can be

nationals of the same state. The judges serve for a term of 09 years, with

the term of 5 judges expiring every 3rd year, They may be re-elected. The

judges of the court elect their President & Vice President for 3 years. They

may be re-elected. Cases are decided by majority vote of the participating

judges. Nine judges constitute a quorum, in case of tie, the president of the

court has a casting vote. The jurisdiction of the court covers all questions

which states refer to it & all matters provided for in the U.N Charter or in

treaties or conventions in force.

(5)Trusteeship Council;- The trusteeship council was originally a 14

nation body with its membership divided equally between administering

countries & non-administering countries. The new trusteeship system was

about to impose a minimum international control over all territories.

Trusteeship council is

In-affective since 1994 when last Trust territory Palau got independence.

(6) Secretariat ;- It is the administrative organ of the UN . The secretary

general is the head of the secretariat & the chief administrative officer of

UN & is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendations of

Security Council for a term of 5 years. Mr. António Gutierrez of Portugal is

the present secretary general OF UNO.

United Nations Secretaries-General

Secretary-generals Nationality Dates in Office

Trygve Halvdan Lie Norwegian 1946–53

Dag Hammarskjöld Swedish 1953–61

U Thank Burmese 1962–71

Kurt Wald he I'm Austrian 1972–81

Javier Pérez de Cellar Peruvian 1982–91

Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egyptian 1992–96

Kofi Annan Ghanaian 1997–2006

Ban Ki Mon South Korean 2007–17

Antonio Gutierrez Portugal 2017-

CONCLUSION;- The primary task of UNO is to maintain & promote world

peace & punish the aggressor & promote economic, social & cultural

cooperation among states . During 69 years of its existence it has done

much valuable work in this direction.

QNO2 WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE SECURITY

COUNCIL?

ANS; Following are the main functions of Security Council;

(1) It can take any measure, necessary to maintain or restore international

peace.

(2) The Security Council has the power to discuss & investigate any

disputes & make recommendations to the member states to settle their

disputes by peaceful means.

(3) It enjoys extensive electoral powers which pertain to admission of new

members & the constitution of other organs of the United Nations (UNO)

QNO3;-AS A CITIZEN OF INDIA HOW WOULD YOU SUPPORT

INDIANS CANDIDATURE FOR THE PERMANENT MEMBERSHIP OF

THE U N SECURITY COUNCIL? JUSTIFY YOUR PROPOSAL?

ANS;-As a citizen of India, I will support Indias candidature for the

permanent membership of the Security Council. India rightly deserves a

permanent seat in the UNSC, Because it full fills all the criteria laid down by

the U N . India is 2nd most populous country, Largest democracy, regular

financial contributor to UN , & has participated in virtually all of the

initiatives of the UN. India has also played an important role in the peace

keeping efforts of the UN. If India be made a permanent Veto-Wielding

member of the UNSC it will increase countrys growing importance in world

affairs.

QNO4;-THOUGH THE UNO HAS FAILED IN PREVENTING WARS &

RELATED MISERIES, NATIONS PREFER ITS CONTINUATION. WHAT

MAKES THE UNO AN INDESPENSABLE ORGANISATION?

OR

WHY UNO IS NECESSARY OR IMORTANT?

ANS;-UNO has failed in preventing wars, but without it the world would be

worse off. After its establishment in1945 it has done many appreciable

works, although at some fronts it has been defeated, but it does not lessen

its importance. In todays world it is hard to imagine how more than seven

billion people would live together without an Organization like U.N.O.

QNO5;-REFORMING THE UN MEANS THE RE-STRUCRTURING OF

THE SECURITY COUNCIL. DO YOU AGREE WITH THIS STATEMENT .

GIVE ARGUMENTS?

OR

VETO POWER OF PERMANENT MEMBERS OF UNITED NATIONS

SECURITY COUNCIL SHOULD BE REPEALED. DISSCUSS?

ANS:- I fully agree with this statement that, reforming of the UN means

restructuring of the security council. In fact if we are really interested in

reforming the UN then we must reform the Security Council. The UN

Security Council is mainly responsible for promotion of world peace and

punish aggressor the Security Council consists of 15 members, five

permanent & ten non-permanent. The permanent members enjoy veto

power. The Security Council reflects the global power structure of 1945,

when many nations of the world were still under colonial rule, when the

membership of UN was very less, at present it does not represents

contemporary political realities. For more than a decade, the UN General

Assembly has debated to reform the security council but no reform has

been made due to lack of agreement among the permanent members of

the security council.

Q.6:- WRITE A DETAILED NOTE ON INDIAS ROLE IN UNITED

NATIONS ORGANIZATION?

OR

EXAMINE THE ROLE OF INDIA IN UNITED NATIONS?

ANS:- India is one of the founding members of UNO. India has taken keen

interest in UN activities. India has performed so many functions which

helped the UNO in the fulfillment of its objectives.

{1}India adopted the policy of non-alignment and does its best to reduce

tensions between the two power blocs.

{2}India has propagated the principles of Panchsheel for maintenance of

world peace which is one of the main aim of UNO.

{3}India had always respected the resolutions of UN security council like

during Indo-Pak war of 1948 over Kashmir issue, Sino-Indian war 1962 etc.

{4}India helped UNO in bringing to an end the civil war in Korea. India

helped Indonesia {a dependent country} in the attainment of freedom.

{5}India has always raised its voice against aggressor.

{6}India has stood for general and complete disarmament within the frame

work of UN.

{7}India tries her best for the admission of communist china and

Bangladesh into the UN.

{8}India has always raised the question of restructuring of the UN Security

Council.

Q.7:- WHAT IS WORLD BANK?

ANS:- The International Bank for reconstruction & development [IBRD} or

world Bank was established in 1945 & started functioning from July 1946.

The world Bank gives loans to developing countries for economic & social

growth.

Q.8:- WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON VETO POWER?

ANS:- The term veto originated from Latin word which means I say no. The

five permanent members of the Security Council enjoys the veto power.

Veto power is a special power of permanent members by which they effect

the decisions of the Security Council. To take decision on any important

issue nine votes including five permanent members of Security Council are

required. If any permanent member of Security Council casts its vote

against the resolution, the decision cannot be taken. This practice is called

veto power.

Q.9:- WHAT ARE NGOS (NOM-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS)?

ANS:- Non-Governmental organizations means those organizations which

is not directly part of the organization of the government. NGOs mainly deal

with humanitarian issues & sustainable development. Some famous NGOs

Q.10:- WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON I.L.O & W.T.O?

ANS:-

(1) International labour organization {I.L.O} is a united nations agency

dealing with labour issues, particularly international labour standards &

decent work for all. Almost all 185 out of 193 UN members are part of the I.

L.O. In 1969 I.L.O received Nobel peace prize. Its headquarters are in

Geneva {Switzerland}. It was created in1919 as part of the treaty of

Versailles that ended world war First.

(2) World Trade organization {WTO} is an organization that intends to

supervise & liberalize international trade. The organization officially

commenced on first January 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement

replacing the General agreement on tariffs & trade {GATT} which

commenced in1948. The organization deals with regulation of Trade

between participating countries. Its headquarters are in Geneva {

Switzerland}. It has 148 members.

Q.11:- WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON INTERNATIONAL MONETARY

FUND (IMF)?

ANS:- I.M.F was established in 1945 but the fund began operations on Ist.

March 1947. The main aims of IMF are to promote international monetary

co-operation & expansion of international trades, to promote exchange

stability & avoiding competitive exchange depreciations etc. IMF has 184

members but top 10 countries have 55% of the votes.